Fpt bios dump - Copy the BIOS update executable onto the newly formatted floppy drive.

 
I get a backup rom from <b>FPT</b> and then get the <b>DUMP</b> with Phoenix, then we try to find the rom has > inside,mod it, replace it in the rom using Phoenix and tried to flash it. . Fpt bios dump

You will need to boot from this floppy, since the BIOS upgrading. fd" through grep (on Mac) and Windows Grep with a few. This program will dump the PS2 BIOS, DVD Player ROM,. Breaking Through the BIOS Barrier The Definitive BIOS Optimization Guide for PCs - Downloader. - Power off the machine. If BIOS is x32 now, then use FPT 32bit Command. Dear Maurice, I am trying to let FPT able to update entire IFWI because our team still try to find the solution that able to perform full IFWI update that require to store capsule update image in in SSD or HDD, rather in USB. Que significa que ha copiado los dos archivos, un original y una copia de la BIOS. I suggest. Gigabyte Technology Co. 2 Создаем fullflash бэкап. 8 and not the correct version, of. bin", placed into a compressed ZIP/RAR file, to your next post!!! << Right after you do that, try to write back the BIOS Region dump and see if you get any error(s). Jan 14, 2019 · Download the latest official firmware for FPT. Method 1: Configure Dump File Settings in Startup and Recovery. com you.  · BIOS Bios dump for Toshiba satellite c850d-138. In the C standard library, for example when using the fopen function to open a file, a FILE pointer is returned. shortened reply go to top @magicman:Welcome to the Win-RAID Forum!Since a) this kind of BIOS modding is very time consuming andb) there are a lot of BIOS modding requests, but just 1 single person who may do what you are requesting (our BIOS modding Guru Lost_N_BIOS), you have to patiently wait for help. Click on the Confirm button to proceed. fpt -f <BIOSNAME. have to copy all contents from the Flash Programming Tool \ DOS folder to the root of a Bootable USB disk and do the dump from DOS ( DOS command: " FPT. programmed by a flash programming device or the FPT Tool. mod command. 41 (Ubuntu) Server at caodang. BIOS and DESC regions dumped along with a txt dump of FPT -i for bios information. bin", placed into a compressed ZIP/RAR file, to your next post!!! << Right after you do that, try to write back the BIOS Region dump and see if you get any error(s). Got your BIOS dump and already did some of the necessary modifications. the command examples in this guide will be given using fptw64 path should appear after the cd 2) download fptw64, open an elevated command prompt in window, change directory to fptw64 one and dump your bios with this command: fptw64 -d bios-backup advanced uninstaller pro is a powerful pc management program then i reflashed the bios using this. Also, please upload a dump from your current working proper BIOS (using programmer to dump) Or, are you hotswapping? If yes, only link to the file you are flashing in, it may not be a complete BIOS which Asus is known for only putting partial on the site to download. I mod (remove whitelist) BIOS 3. Trong bài viết này, FPT Shop sẽ đưa ra các lỗi thường gặp trên. You will need to use dmidecode command for dumping a computer’s DMI (SMBIOS) table contents on screen. The full BIOSes have not been dumped yet. Service says that my flash bios on motherboard is fail. UEFI BIOS and BIOS image file structures. Format it by right-clicking on the drive in My Computer and selecting the Format. Method 1: Configure Dump File Settings in Startup and Recovery. This article will help you enter the BIOS environment and will give you the set of commands that you can use within it. 2 Создаем fullflash бэкап. Have installed new BIOS. Removable type chip. It's a program which will dump the bios and other files from the PlayStation 2 console via a host connection. Convert FPT dump for Hardware flasher CH341a Home Forums BIOS Update BIOS Recovery Award AMI Phoenix Insyde Flash Service BIOS Settings Modification Downloads Modding Tools Option ROMs EPA Gallery Wiki Help Resources Contact Us About Us Donate Site Blog Donate Member List Forum Rules Search Hello There, Guest! Login Register. New Devices. peterbilt dump truck 2021 price; can an au pair have a boyfriend; big brother kyle not racist reddit;. The system reboot 3 times total. It's a program which will dump the bios and other files from the PlayStation 2 console via a host connection. อย่างแรกเลย เราใช้ FPTW64 ทำการ Dump BIOS ออกมาก่อน ตามภาพ เมื่อกี้เลย ให้ดูอีกรอบ เปลี่ยน XAVIA. Можно dump снятый с м/c, либо полный образ (включая bios), снятый, например,. With Mi899 you can read and write BIOS of JingSha, Huananzhi, a. The board houses 2x m. DS Emulation bios9. - dump your original bios from the chip, using your chip clip and programmer - using a hex editor find the location / hex address of your MAC address in the file you dumped - then follow the above procedure - download the latest bios from HP, add your MAC address in the location you found above and flash it to the chip. vn Port 443. 0 "thumb drives," at the very least, you need one to create your UniBeast USB. "Don't shut off power at this state. All rights reserved. exe, fptw. Flash the bios with FPT. shortened reply go to top @magicman:Welcome to the Win-RAID Forum!Since a) this kind of BIOS modding is very time consuming andb) there are a lot of BIOS modding requests, but just 1 single person who may do what you are requesting (our BIOS modding Guru Lost_N_BIOS), you have to patiently wait for help. bin with original bios file manually to ensure that bios chip is correctly written **//. Awhile ago I Turbo. If your core business is working with MSPs it might be useful to give out the bios password to devices that are no longer under maintenance or warranty. BIN" 2. Can someone tell me where it is? (ALT+R does not work, every bios dump I've downloaded from the internet doesn't work) Attached is a bios dump from my laptop. Intel Flash Programming Tool (FPT) - программа для прошивки биоса Китайских материнских. Данная модель продается не во всем мире. Command: " FPTw. Universal BIOS Backup Toolkit can identify and back up most known BIOS to a file that can be restored later. have to copy all contents from the Flash Programming Tool \ DOS folder to the root of a Bootable USB disk and do the dump from DOS ( DOS command: " FPT. Addeddate 2021-04-11 23:10:52 Identifier pc-9821-dump Scanner. Code: FPTw.  · Trường đại học FPT cấp cho cựu SV tài khoản Coursera học được 10. Using FD44Editor to add/edit individual board data in BIOS image. 1049411 MITSUBISHI FUSO CANTER (DUMP TRUCK) Sales Category:auction. Download the archive and extract it. Anyway, it is important that you flash only the BIOS region, which is ensured by the command above. Yosemite USB Drive (Installation Media) 2. #PS2BIOS #Emulation #PCSX2BIOS #TutorialSubscribe for more awesome content! https://goo. Laptop BIOS Requests go here!Links to outside pay sites are forbidden and will result in permanent banning for the poster and the domain in the URL being permanently blocked. Yes I flashed the "multi bios" chip right now with FPT and no issue. Get your BIOS dump. Thank you. 0 comments. Announcing my application called Mi899 for owners of the Chinese X99 LGA 2011-3 motherboards. Jun 30, 2007 · Florin has just released BIOS Dumper v2. Данная модель продается не во всем мире. bios bios dump dump rom satellite toshiba toshiba satellite. Apr 11, 2021 · Dump of the BIOS from the japanese PC-9821. in fact when I try to Full Boot a game (with Plugin or dumped ISO) I go straight to the. Sep 26, 2019 · 1. 95 MB. Well it could be some bad software, a bad driver or the notebook is overheating. . EXE AD'ANTECH. If BIOS is x32 now, then use FPT 32bit Command. 3 Прошиваем fullflash дамп. 0 must have their BIOS mode configured as Native UEFI only. Jan 14, 2019 · Download the latest official firmware for FPT. Run FPT with -i and optionally -verbose flags (e. Fix the bug that when enter BIOS with User Password, load default in "View Only" level. 0 in (50. 8 and not the correct version, of. Looking for valid dump before we can continue, sorry for the delay, right now have only found valid dump for PRO/CSM model. Unless you're a developer or have a very good knowledge of the hardware, I recommend purchasing a permanent spoofer instead of replacing it manually. exe -BIOS -D. Requirements Tool: Prepare a USB flash drive with a capacity of 1GB or more. dakhachdatinh đã viết: Mình có 1 con để bàn FPT Elead bị trục trặc, nhưng không biết bấm phím nào để vào ghost, mình đã bấm các phím từ F1 -F12; delete; Ctrl+alt+esc nhưng đều không được. FPT소프트웨어, 스퀴로와 파트너십 체결하고 단대단 증강지능 솔루션 제공.  · 1 Создаем загрузочную флэшку с FPT. bin -BIOS (Use whatever command you used to dump here also. A set of tools for the Intel Server Platform Services (SPS) Manageability Engine (ME) Firmware Kit used for creating, modifiying and writing binary image files, manufacturing testing, Intel ME setting information gathering, and debugging. Platform: Intel (R) Z97 Express Chipset Reading HSFSTS register. exe and could be found in the Flash Programming Tool folder inside the Intel ME System Tools distribution It's highly recommended to get the same version of the Intel ME System Tools distribution that match your ME firmware version. 0 comments. /FPT; Windows 7 x64 Professional is recommended because it is guaranteed to work when following this guide. 2 Создаем fullflash бэкап. Apr 13, 2020 · Intel Flash Programming Tool (FPT) is an utility used for internal flash memory programming via SPI on Intel Platform Controller Hub and older I/O Controller Hub (ICH). Issue - no power on. mod file. Topics ps2, bios Language English. Get your BIOS dump. 2 posts in this topic. 05 (without Windows Key, i have no OS version) with EZH20 Tool (Option - "Removed module" -> 11D378C2-B472-412F-AD87-1BE4CD8B33A6). exe -bios -f biosreg. 4 Ссылки на скачивание FPT и Rufus. 使用Universal BIOS Backup ToolKit 2. Flash Descriptor: Valid --- Flash Devices Found --- W25Q64BV ID:0xEF4017 Size: 8192KB (65536Kb) Lock Settings. Issue - no power on. Immunotherapeutic agents that circumvent the biological restrictions have been invented and formulated, including (i) dendritic cell activators and growth factors, (ii) vaccine adjuvants, (iii) T-cell stimulators and growth factors, (iv) immune checkpoint inhibitors, and (v) agents to neutralize or inhibit suppressive cells, cytokines, and enzymes. vn Port 443. efi which we get from our module supplier. 1 View Machine Time Zone and MySQL 1. exe] cannot be run on the current platform. Each method is fairly similar but has different hardware and software requirements. Thanks for your help but every single one of those seems to be outside my ability to do. Using serial cable. 00 Add to Cart 3/4" FPT ChemSaver Diaphragm Check Valve 12328-3/4 $163. BIN Immediately reflash unmodified BIOS using FPT. Make sure however, that you always get the BIOS executable and NOT the Windows executable. There no way to look up a Acer motherboard to see if the bios chip is removable or soldered on, have a look at the board see the image below, or contact www. 208 didn't work. In this case, UEFI payload can still handle SMI. So I ask for help here. fpt -dumplock show about the descriptor? if it's unlocked you get a Code: D:\BIOS>fpt -dumplock Intel (R) Flash Programming Tool. rom 如下圖 (1)所示,成功備份完整的16MB大小的Bios (MEI + Bios region)。 ) 一般來說,因為MEI區塊是鎖住的,我們都是加参數 -Bios來備份bios region,指令為 fptw64 -d dump. Warning! Pay attention, in my experience using FPT you will wipe your Intel NIC MAC address. Since I’ve found out a way to dump the whole flash image (fpt -d spi. bin", placed into a compressed ZIP/RAR file, to your next post!!! << Right after you do that, try to write back the BIOS Region dump and see if you get any error(s). Those components include CPU microcode updates, binaries and settings used by BIOS Guard and Boot Guard technologies and some other stuff. Copy that modified file to FTK/Win32 or FTK/Win64 folder. Enter "fpt -f 3395v218. 对AMI BIOS固件修改开机图片(两种方法) 由于bios固件在DOS环境下刷会进行校验,如果自己修改过固件,就会校验失败而无法刷入,所以需要使用fptw. Go into USB disk direction. 2) download fptw64, open an elevated command prompt in window, change directory to fptw64 one and dump your bios with this command: fptw64 -d BIOS-Backup. Admin Repair Tv & Laptop. Using FTK to downgrade/reflash/update the whole BIOS or some regions only. Step 2:Install driver. To do so, you will have to make a USB bootable Flash disk with only that file on the root, AND, you 'll have to change the boot mode in the bios from UEFI to legacy prior to boot a DOS Usb disk Using the command Code: fpt -bios -d YourBiosDump. bak 1 archivo(s) copiado(s). I have made a dump file of bios and I want to find password in it. Flash FPT that requests 16MB, reboot. BIOS tích hợp sẵn trên máy tính cá nhân, tại Firmware, cụ thể là Mainboard (bảng mạch chủ). last update. A set of tools for the Intel Server Platform Services (SPS) Manageability Engine (ME) Firmware Kit used for creating, modifiying and writing binary image files, manufacturing testing, Intel ME setting information gathering, and debugging. This video kicks off a new series that teaches step by step how to read the Tarot. Make a full backup of your BIOS firmware by executing the following:. For that we have to. Object Moved This document may be found here. bin command, if it ends with green "FPT Operation Passed" message - you have now a dump of your BIOS region. This program will dump the PS2 BIOS, DVD Player ROM, NVM etc from your PlayStation 2 via a 'host' enabled connection. So I have an asus F541UV laptop and the problem is that it has a bios password set and I can't boot into windows. Object Moved This document may be found here. Use "FPT -BIOS -D BIOS_DUMP. You will find only one HEX pattern match. All you need to do is choose "read, backup and exit," and that's all there is to it. /FPT; Windows 7 x64 Professional is recommended because it is guaranteed to work when following this guide. The DSi BIOSes are 64K, but the upper 32K are locked out upon boot. BIN" 2. D1381 bios update, Funny leadership award ideas, Cinderella shoe cartoon, . enables you to dowload BIOS image from your console to your PC. Download the archive and extract it. Working directory. On the Recovery screen, find the “Advanced Startup” heading and click “Restart Now. If you know anyone here, or anywhere with this.  · A guide for disabling Intel Management Engine using FPT on PCH SPI. bin), I’ve prepared and flashed the whole image (not by regions) as well (fpt -f spi. Download FOXCONN BIOS drivers, firmware, bios, tools, utilities - Sorted by operating system - Page 5. bin file, which you can send me. Furthermore we want to use micropython in the efi shell. bin", if it doesn't fail, enter command "poweroff". BIN Flashing modified BIOS region only (11200KB) fptw64. « Reply #28 on: March 13, 2017, 09:56:50 pm ». FPT will allow you to Dump and Flash your BIOS, you have to run the following commands in an Administrator Command Prompt window. You then have one of two options: create a ISO or install the image for your bootloader. Flash your modified dump back by executing fpt -bios -f bck. It will then proceed to flash the bios, It will automatically verify the flash as well. I made a dump from same working laptop model with FPT for Windows. Next, click the Restore button, followed by Enter. Submit a request Sign in Home How-to videos Videos Articles in this section How To. and a rom file will be created , if this works on your system (didn't work on me, though) b) backup tools 12: just run as administrator, and it will create results. Hội thảo quốc tế về Công nghệ thông tin thông minh ICIIT 2023 mang đến cơ hội giao lưu và hợp tác học thuật rộng mở cho cán bộ - giảng viên - nghiên cứu viên của FPT Edu. You may use any ttl serial - usb converter like this to dump it to a PC. shut down PC (power off). Object Moved This document may be found here. UEFI BIOS and BIOS image file structures. bin file, checking if that file has the same motherboard name in it as backup file. Enter "fpt -gbe -f bk. С помощью Intel Flash Programming Tool (или просто fpt) можно сделать дамп (бэкап) Bios материнской. dakhachdatinh đã viết: Mình có 1 con để bàn FPT Elead bị trục trặc, nhưng không biết bấm phím nào để vào ghost, mình đã bấm các phím từ F1 -F12; delete; Ctrl+alt+esc nhưng đều không được. What if there are the GB-and-GBC BIOS-dumping tools that can dump their BIOS just like the GBA BIOS-dumping tools? Last edited by G4S0, Aug 3, 2018. I might try again at some point though. Download the archive and extract it. a) fptw64 , type in cmd: ftpw64 -d biosbackup. plus-circle Add Review. Run FPT with -i and optionally -verbose flags (e. GBA BIOS Dumping Tool This utility dumps the GBA BIOS by jumping directly into the CpuFastSet routine in the BIOS, bypassing the region check, and then copying the BIOS into a flashcart's SRAM. Using FPT to flash the BIOS on your system. When install is complete, the system will power off.  · A guide for disabling Intel Management Engine using FPT on PCH SPI. any hlep would be. Removable type chip. If BIOS is x64 now, then use FPT 64bit Command. So while the lower 32K can be dumped rather easily, at the time of writing this, there is no known way to dump the upper 32K other than hypothetical hardware glitching attacks. However, the fact that EZH2O can read it is encouraging. Flash your modified dump back by executing fpt -bios -f bck. Version: 9. BIN -y. - dump your original bios from the chip, using your chip clip and programmer - using a hex editor find the location / hex address of your MAC address in the file you dumped - then follow the above procedure - download the latest bios from HP, add your MAC address in the location you found above and flash it to the chip. Intel Flash Programming Tool (FPT) is an utility used for internal flash memory programming via SPI on Intel Platform Controller Hub (PCH) and older I/O Controller Hub (ICH). They can to flash new BIOS but they. Power on the NAS. you currently have an existing pending enrollment please try again later

The MAC address for Intel I219 adapter will be missing, and mark as 88-88-88-88-87-88. . Fpt bios dump

H110M-DVS R3. . Fpt bios dump

So I ask for help here. Plug the USB device into a USB port of the target computer and turn it on. It's much easier than using an external programmer. enables you to dowload BIOS image from your console to your PC. You might not require more period to spend to go to the books establishment as well as search for them. All rights reserved. 用BIOS Backup ToolKit V2. Execute fpt - bios -d dump. FPT 소프트 웨어는 “Tech-Infused”이벤트에서 디지털화된 기술력을 소개합니다. Extract the compressed file containing the BIOS file and the flash utility. vn Port 443. Universal BIOS Backup Toolkit is portable and should be run as an administrator. High Pressure Diaphragm Pump - 1-1/2" HB Inlet x 3/4" NPT Outlet DP-291. Search the man page for more information: $ man dmidecode. 1 sẵn, cài sẵn win7 khi sản xuất, mình dùng đĩa win ultimate của dell để cài thì okie.  · Hai there, im having a strange issue with ME FW 6. Copy in the new BIOS and the Intel FPT to the stick Make sure you have set the OS type to Windows in the BIOS otherwise you'll get an ACPI bluescreen during boot Boot to the stick, select your language, and then in the bottom right corner click on "Repair your computer". Size is 6144KB. Click that and a menu comes up, click "Troubleshoot". 1 Создаем загрузочную флэшку с FPT. Press and hold that button until your computer shuts down. Execute fpt - bios -d dump. ASUS OptiMem: Careful routing of traces and vias to preserve signal integrity for improved memory stability. Apr 13, 2021 · README. Google "Free Mcboot Noobie guide" for a good tutorial on setting up FMCB. Plug the USB disk into UTX-3115 · 3. Change Setup Utility Press “Del” go into Setup Utility Chipset→South Bridge→BIOS Read/Write Protection→Disable→Save & Reset 4. Execute fpt - bios -d dump. 1 Answer. Furthermore we want to use micropython in the efi shell. Press and hold that button until your computer shuts down. The main problem is that other regions are not protected,. It's useful for PCSX2, the PlayStation 2 emulator for Windows and Linux. I've Y510P and i dump bios using Intel FPT Tool (probably latest version 9. To update bios type the following into the dos prompt. Choose a language:. Dear Maurice, I am trying to let FPT able to update entire IFWI because our team still try to find the solution that able to perform full IFWI update that require to store capsule update image in in SSD or HDD, rather in USB. 1 Создаем загрузочную флэшку с FPT. Sep 26, 2019 · 1. Choose a language:. FPT makes part of the Intel ME System Tools toolset, which is available to OEMs/vendors such as Dell, MSI, Lenovo, Gigabyte, Asus, Acer and others. shortened reply go to top @magicman:Welcome to the Win-RAID Forum!Since a) this kind of BIOS modding is very time consuming andb) there are a lot of BIOS modding requests, but just 1 single person who may do what you are requesting (our BIOS modding Guru Lost_N_BIOS), you have to patiently wait for help. INI 4 file (s) 2 dir(s) 3395V218 8,986, 739 bytes BIN FPÄRTS. short circuit some chip's pins) or to blindly enter the bios and restore the defaults (already tried a couple of times: Power on, Pressing Del a lot of times, waiting, Pressing F9, Pressing Enter, Pressing F10, Pressing Enter with a few seconds. bin mod. circuit tracks synthwave pack. Recovery file names for this bios should be N550JV. Each method is fairly similar but has different hardware and software requirements. We will first need to dump the bios using the Flash Programming Tool or FPT for short. Make a full backup of your BIOS firmware by executing the following:. You can dump the whole BIOS with software, so the instructions are kept, but to flash the boot block you . PowerManagement Autopatcher v0. Staff member. Copy in the new BIOS and the Intel FPT to the stick Make sure you have set the OS type to Windows in the BIOS otherwise you'll get an ACPI bluescreen during boot Boot to the stick, select your language, and then in the bottom right corner click on "Repair your computer". Do đang máu Hackintosh mà BIOS mặc định có một số thiết lập không đáp ứng được nên mình cần phải mod lại. pdf ASUS ROG G752VS REV2. Method 1: Configure Dump File Settings in Startup and Recovery. the computer come back to live, but the system would shut off in a hour each time i power on the computer. Open an Admin Command prompt and change to the directory FPT is located in. fpt -f BIOS-backup. Please help me. bin", if it doesn't fail, open this dump. Svet Well-known member. you need FPT Z170 Tool for DOS (with bootable USB). FPT F1C 4 Cylinder 3. 41 (Ubuntu) Server at caodang. The recruitment market has since bounced back strongly and particularly for specialist roles. Replace side panel. I did this on a 6 series cpu and the. Emergency help. fpt -f A41FP03. If flash BIOS by Intel FPT tool not as fpt -f xxx. via PCSX2 official site: This program will dump the PS2 BIOS, DVD Player ROM, NVM etc from your PlayStation 2 via a 'host' enabled connection. Easiest way. 7 mm) Rod diameter 2. 3 Прошиваем fullflash дамп. Tool kit includes FPT, FITc, MEInfo, ME SMBus, DCMI Tool, FWUpdate Tool, and FRU Update Tool. exe -BIOS -F BIOS2. shut down PC (power off). Next, click the Restore button, followed by Enter. PCSX2 0. The install cannot convert the current hard drive to GPT unless all the partitions have been removed. 5MB is a bit concerning. Bios Version Mac Address Serial Number Unique ID If you manage to change them manually; You have to make sure it's permanent. (See the Technical Product Specification for details including the location of this jumper. Open your dump with HEX editor and search "C1 8A 00 0C 10"(Most 6/7th) or "C7 8A 00 0C 10"(Most old ASUS 100 series) or "C2 8A 00 0C 10"(Most Gigabyte 300 series) or "6A 10 53 56"(Most ECS and MSI Laptop 300 series) 3. You can also press F8 while remaining on the BIOS page to open the Q-flash page. Mar 01, 2020 · Use the power button. WARNING: BIOS flashing is dangerous and requires exclusive access to SPI chip. I'm trying to change my BIOS splash screen (because I don't like it) and I downloaded a. 4 Ссылки на скачивание FPT и Rufus. If it works, reboot your computer. bin -bios ). You will find only one HEX pattern match. 2 Создаем fullflash бэкап. I change only MAC adre and thats it. And FPT is only supposed to be used during manufacture time. , Ltd. A forum community dedicated to overclocking enthusiasts and testing the limits of computing. Inside the page, find the Q-flash option in it. It's useful for PCSX2, the PlayStation 2 emulator for Windows and Linux.  · 2009 audi a4 engine replacement cost. (UBU) when i flash the unlocked bios, i still boot normal and no any problem with using windows. I think the rom-drive cable is a red ribbon, but I haven't opened it up in a long time. bin -savemac. 0 in (50. after few days, i unlocked the bios lock which can know offset in ami exrtracker. and a rom file will be created , if this works on your system (didn't work on me, though) b) backup tools 12: just run as administrator, and it will create results. AMI Firmware Update (AFU) is a scriptable command-line utility for DOS, Microsoft Windows®, Linux, FreeBSD and the UEFI shell. Choose a language:. bin -BIOS (Use whatever command you used to dump here also. . houses for rent in anderson indiana, bournemouth airport parking, yuma craigslist for sale by owner, windstream t3260 firmware update, best coconut oil brand, dark web videos, karely ruiz video, how to start infiniti g35 without key, fingerstyle guitar tabs free, sexmex lo nuevo, nude kaya scodelario, escorts in staten island co8rr